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We wish to thank Samuel Power for his input and contribution when we were in the first stages of this paper. All faults remain our own. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Both authors contributed equally to the paper, combining autonomous fieldwork.
He also conducted the survey, using LimeSurvey. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Her recent research explores issues of transnational political engagement in the UK and the EU with a particular focus on the political rights associated with EU Citizenship. She has also published in English and in French on the topic of expatriate voting in France and the UK. Earlier research focused on cultural politics in France, especially during the Mitterrand presidency.
His research focusses on territorial politics and processes of politicization. He has edited many books on political parties, on green politics, on regional politics and on migrations, published notably by Routledge, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, Berger-Levrault and Ottawa University Press. Correspondence to Tudi Kernalegenn. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Reprints and Permissions. The membership of parties abroad: a case study of the UK. CMS 9, 34 Download citation. Received : 17 June Accepted : 29 March Published : 19 July Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all SpringerOpen articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Against a long trend decline in the membership of political parties in Western democracies, there has been an unexpected surge in the UK since Case selection: why the UK?
Full size image. Table 1 Membership of the three main parties in Full size table. General conclusion In this paper we have proposed an original analysis of membership of parties abroad based on a case study of the UK, using an online survey and semi-structured interviews with officials and members of the three main parties abroad. Availability of data and materials Interviews: Due to RGPD, the interviews cannot be made public, although larger abstracts can be provided upon request.
Notes 1. This is the terminology used in the LibDem Constitution. References Audickas, L. Google Scholar Bale, T. Article Google Scholar Bennie, L. Google Scholar Boccagni, P. Yes, but only for students studying in fields of high job demand. No, but they should be reduced. Would you support the return of a selective education system and the reintroduction of grammar schools?
No, focus on improving current standards instead. Should free meals be offered to all primary school students? Yes, but only if they meet high nutritional standards. Should critical race theory be taught in primary and secondary school?
Yes, but not until they are teenagers. Yes, and also add Intersectionality and the Project to the curriculum. Yes, we cannot end racism until we acknowledge that our institutions, laws, and history are inherently racist. No, kids should be raised to be racially color blind instead of being taught they are inherently racist or disadvantaged based on the color of their skin.
No, vocational or skill based qualifications should also be available. Should the government decriminalize school truancy? Do you support charter schools? Yes, but only if they are non-profit. Yes, but not at the expense of funding public schools. Yes, and our entire education system should be privatized.
No, and education should not be privatised. No, we should focus on improving our public schools and increasing teacher wages instead. Should all state schools be required to follow a standard curriculum? Yes, but allow flexibility for non-core subjects. No, teachers should teach to the needs of each student and region. Should the government allow businesses, charities, parents or teachers to use public money to start "free schools"?
Yes, free schools will create more local competition and increase standards. No, free schools divert money away from existing schools. Environmental Issues. Should the government increase environmental regulations on businesses to reduce carbon emissions?
Yes, and provide more incentives for alternative energy production. No, just enforce existing regulations. No, and I believe global warming is a natural occurrence. No, and the current government is over-regulating businesses.
No, provide more incentives for alternative energy production instead. No, increase consumer incentives to recycle these products instead.
No, but increase tax incentives for companies that make biodegradable products. Should researchers be allowed to use animals in testing the safety of drugs, vaccines, medical devices, and cosmetics? Yes, but not for cosmetics. Do you support the use of hydraulic fracking to extract oil and natural gas resources? Yes, but increase oversight. Yes, but not in heavily populated areas.
No, we should pursue more sustainable energy resources instead. No, more research is needed to measure the long term effects of fracking. Do you support the practice of hunting foxes with dogs? Yes, this is a tradition that supports rural communities. No, this is a cruel sport which should remain illegal. Do you support the use of genetically engineered crops and foods? Yes, but producers should not be able to patent seeds. Yes, but require the labelling of foods that are genetically modified.
Should cities be allowed to offer private companies economic incentives to relocate? Yes, as long as the local environment is not compromised. Yes, as long as the tax revenue will eventually exceed the tax incentives.
Yes, if the company promises to create new jobs by hiring local residents. Yes, but only if local citizens can vote on the amount of incentives to offer. Yes, but I would prefer lowering corporate taxes to benefit all local companies. No, but punish them for moving jobs out of the country.
No, the government should never subsidize private businesses. No, spend that money on improving infrastructure and the community to attract companies. Science Issues. Do you support the use of nuclear energy? Yes, but with public subsidy. Yes, and nationalise the industry. Yes, as long as there is no public subsidy.
Yes, temporarily while we increase investment into cleaner renewable alternatives. No, we should invest in cleaner alternatives such as wind, hydroelectric, thorium, and geothermal. Should the government require children to be vaccinated for preventable diseases? Yes, but only for deadly contagious diseases. Yes, but with exceptions for those whose religious beliefs forbid use of vaccines.
Yes, they are essential to protecting other children who are too young to be vaccinated. No, but require vaccination in order to attend public school. No, fund public ad campaigns about the risks and benefits instead.
No, but hold parents criminally liable for transferring deadly diseases to other children. Healthcare Issues. Should there be more or less privatisation of the NHS? More, and completely privatise the NHS. More, but only where it can increase quality while reducing costs. Less, and nationalise all health services. Should there be more or less privatisation of hospital and healthcare services?
More, and end government subsidies. More, and privatize the entire healthcare industry. Less, and provide more government funding. Less, and there should be no privatization of the healthcare industry. I am satisfied with the current system. Should foreign visitors have to pay for emergency medical treatment during their stay in the UK? Yes, but only those outside of the EU. Yes, and require visitors to show proof of insurance before entering the UK. No, emergency care should not be denied to those cannot afford it.
Yes, this is necessary to reduce the drug overdose death rate. Yes, drug abuse should be treated as a health issue, not a criminal issue. No, but legalize drugs. No, this would encourage drug use and lower funding for rehabilitation centers. Should the government increase funding for mental health research and treatment? Yes, but only increase funding for personalised care instead of subsidising pharmaceutical companies.
Yes, our mental healthcare system needs more funding to provide a higher quality of care and services. No, incentivise private companies to address this issue instead.
Yes, but I would rather eliminate any privatisation of the NHS. Do you support a single-payer healthcare system? Yes, but allow people to use private insurance.
Yes, this system guarantees healthcare for everyone. Yes, private companies should not be able to profit off of healthcare. No, this system is too expensive. No, the government should not be involved in healthcare. Should the government fund the World Health Organization?
Yes, but decrease the amount. Yes, and increase the amount. Yes, but only relative to the amount that other countries contribute.
No, it has shown to be ineffective. No, fund national and local programs instead. Do you support the legalisation of Marijuana? Yes, but only for medical use. Yes, and immediately release anyone serving time solely for drug offenses.
Yes, and legalise, tax, and regulate marijuana instead of criminalizing it. No, and increase penalties for non-violent drug offenders. No, I think businesses should require vaccination but not by government mandate.
National Security Issues. Should the UK assassinate suspected terrorists in foreign countries? Yes, but only if there is undeniable evidence they are planning to attack our country. Yes, but only if there is undeniable evidence they have committed an attack against our country. No, they should be captured and given a fair trial. No, capture, interrogate, and imprison them instead. Electoral Issues. Should the minimum voting age be lowered?
Yes, any citizen that pays taxes should be allowed to vote. No, it should be raised. No, and voters should be required to pass a basic test demonstrating their understanding of politics in order to vote.
Should foreigners, currently residing in the United Kingdom, have the right to vote? Yes, but only if they are European Union citizens. Yes, but only after living in the country for 5 years. Yes, but only after living in the country for 10 years. Yes, anyone who pays taxes should have the right to vote.
Yes, but they should not be allowed to vote in local elections. Yes, but they should only be allowed to vote in local elections. No, only legal citizens should be allowed to vote. Should the UK switch to a proportional representation voting system? No, switch to an instant runoff system. Should political candidates be required to release their recent tax returns to the public?
Yes, and also required to release their medical records. Yes, and require a public audit each year they are in office. No, their income is none of our business.
No, tax returns have nothing to do with their ability to perform their duties. Should a politician, who has been formerly convicted of a crime, be allowed to run for office? Yes, as long as they have finished serving their sentence.
Yes, as long as the crime was not committed while in office. Yes, as long as it was not a felony, violent, financial, or sexual crime. No, and disallow politicians that are under investigation for a crime. Should corporations, unions, and non-profit organizations be allowed to donate to political parties?
Yes, but limit the amount they can donate. No, these types of donations just turn into bribes. No, but allow donations from unions and non-profits. No, and political campaigns should be publicly funded.
Domestic Policy Issues. Should the British Monarchy be abolished? Yes, but gradually phased out over time. No, but reduce their funding. No, but they should be self funded and pay taxes. No, but only provide financial support for immediate heirs to the throne. No, they are a positive influence on tourism, charity, and international relations.
Do you support the use of zero hour contracts? Yes, but ban exclusivity clauses and guarantee a minimum number of hours. Yes, but only for those seeking part time instead of permanent employment. Are you in favour of decriminalising drug use? Yes, for most but not all drugs. Yes, and retroactively reduce sentences for those already serving time. No, we should pass tougher drug laws.
No, and increase punishment for drug dealers. No, but increase funding for addiction prevention and rehabilitation. No, but decriminalise drugs that offer medicinal benefits such as marijuana. Should the government be able to monitor phone calls and emails?
Yes, but only by court order. Yes, this is necessary to combat terrorism. Yes, but only for those with criminal backgrounds. No, and enact legislation preventing government surveillance of citizen communications. Should the UK reinstate a form of mandatory national service? Yes, but only for young offenders. No, service should be an option instead of obligation.
Should the House of Lords be abolished? Should the House of Lords be a wholly elected body? Yes, and with proportional representation. No, but remove hereditary peers and bishops.
No, appointed members provide stability and progress instead of political deadlock. Abolish the House of Lords. Should it be illegal to burn the UK flag? No, this is a violation of free speech. Should social media companies ban political advertising? Should the Welsh assembly be granted more devolved power from Parliament to create regional laws?
Yes, provided England is granted the same. Yes, the Welsh assembly should be given powers equal to those of the Scottish Parliament. No, and abolish the Welsh assembly.
No, keep existing level of devolution. Should the government regulate social media sites, as a means to prevent fake news and misinformation? Yes, there is too much fake news and misinformation on social media. Yes, social media companies are politically biased and need to be regulated.
No, the government should not determine what is fake or real news. No, social media companies are private and should not be regulated by the government. Should there be term limits for members of Parliament? Yes, and decrease their salary and retirement benefits. Yes, term limits will increase performance and prevent corruption. No, officials gain valuable experience and become more effective representatives over time. Yes, ASBOs deter troublemakers from becoming criminals. Yes, but increase penalties so offenders take them more seriously.
Should England establish a devolved Parliament? Yes, and more power should be given to regional governments. No, and devolved parliaments or assemblies should receive less power. Should teachers be allowed to carry guns at school? Yes, schools should require at least one teacher or security guard to be armed. No, hire professionally trained security guards instead. No, this would increase the risk of accidental shootings.
Should internet service providers be allowed to speed up access to popular websites that pay higher rates at the expense of slowing down access to less popular websites that pay lower rates?
Yes, this would make the internet faster and more reliable for users. Yes, but only give priority by type video over images and not source big website over little website. No, treat all traffic equally and continue the openness of the internet.
No, this would allow them to remove competition, create artificial scarcity, and increase prices. Should the government pass laws which protect whistleblowers? Yes, but only if the information was legally obtained. Yes, but only if releasing the information does not threaten our national security.
No, but reduce their sentences. Yes, and abolish devolution so all MPs can vote on all issues. Yes, as long as the Barnett formula is used to determine budgets. No, only for legislation that has cross-border implications. Reform the UK into a federal system. Transportation Issues. Do you support the construction of a high speed railway HS2 connecting London to Birmingham? Yes, and extend it to Scotland. No, we should improve existing rail networks instead. Should the national railway be privatised?
Yes, but allow more local control. Yes, privatise the operation of the trains and tracks. No, eliminate any privatisation and have the government operate the trains and tracks.
Should the London Underground be considered an "essential service" which would ban all future worker strikes? No, and I will demonstrate my personal support. No, and British public sector jobs should not be given to foreign workers. Should the government increase spending on public transportation?
Yes, and provide more free public transportation. Yes, but only if the spending goes towards environmentally friendly solutions.
No, and we should reduce current spending. No, we have more important issues that need funding. No, I am satisfied with the current amount of spending. No, and we should privatize more public transportation services. Trending Issue.
Which party do you most identify with? Liberal Democrat. Renew Party. Plaid Cymru. Reclaim Party. Scottish Green. Heritage Party. Ulster Unionist. Rejoin EU Party. British National. Social Democratic. London Real Party. English Democrats. Scottish Socialist. Burning Pink Party. Democratic Unionist. Count Binface Party. People Before Profit. Apolitical Democrats. Animal Welfare Party. Women's Equality Party. Traditional Unionist Voice.
Which qualities are most important to you in a candidate? Common Sense. Military Experience. Sense of Humor. Fashion Style. Ability to Inspire. Government Experience. Ability to Unify. I'm against it in all cases, but I'd introduce a safeguard tariff cap to help consumers struggling with energy bills. We should roll back the privatisation of parts of the NHS.
Someone should provide start-up grants to help community-run buses in rural areas. Get rid of it. Let's keep our nuclear deterrent to the minimum. Let's procure three Dreadnought submarines instead of four.
It's extremely important to maintain a continuous-at-sea nuclear deterrent. Being able to fire nuclear missiles at other countries at any given time is the ultimate guarantor of our security. Given the existence of rogue states like North Korea, it would be most foolhardy to get rid of our nuclear weapons.
I think we should keep Trident, but also fulfil our obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. With great power comes great responsibility. We should aim to reduce net migration to zero within five years.
Annual net migration should be less than , a year. Growth, jobs and prosperity are more important than arbitrary targets. Let's have a new immigration system based on our economic needs. I want a humane immigration and asylum system which recognises and takes responsibility for Britain's role in causing the flow of migrants worldwide.
The rhetoric around immigration has become toxic in the wake of Brexit. Discrimination is not patriotism. But yes, let's have strict control of borders. Absolutely not. Let's get rid of them. And bring back maintenance grants while you're at it. It's only fair for students to pay their way, but universities hoping to charge maximum tuition fees should become involved in academy sponsorship or the founding of free schools. They are if you're planning to study something pointless like History of Art.
But let's get rid of them for proper subjects like science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine. A necessary evil. Poorer students should get maintenance grants so that living costs are no barrier to going to university.
Tuition fees should stay, though.
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